Permasalahan gangguan Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman (OPT) merupakan salah satu kendala dalam proses budidaya tanaman padi. Hama Wereng, salah satu ancaman serius bagi petani karena hama ini dapat menyebabkan kerusakan hingga gagal panen (Fuso). Hubungan hama wereng dengan tanaman padi sangat erat karena wereng memanfaatkan padi sebagai sumber makanan dan tempat untuk meletakkan telur. Oleh karena itu diperlukan upaya pengendalian yang tepat untuk mencegah serangan hama wereng pada padi.
BACA JUGA : Pemupukan Tanaman Padi yang Tepat
1. WERENG BATANG COKLAT
Hama Wereng Batang Coklat (WBC) atau Nilaparvata lugens dikenal sebagai hama utama pada tanaman padi. Wereng Batang Cokelat menghisap cairan pada batang padi sekaligus sebagai vektor penyakit virus kerdil hampa, virus kerdil rumput tipe 1 (VKRT-1) dan virus kerdil rumput tipe 2 (VKRT-2). Hama ini memiliki kemampuan berkembang biak yang sangat tinggi. Apabila populasi tinggi, hama ini dapat menyebabkan gagal panen (fuso).
Karakteristik Morfologi dan Siklus Hidup
Wereng Batang Coklat berwarna coklat kekuningan atau coklat tua, berbintik cokelat gelap pada pertemuan sayap depannya. Rata-rata WBC memiliki ukuran badan 2-4 mm. Siklus hidup wereng batang coklat selama 23-33 hari mulai dari tahap telur, nimfa dan wereng dewasa. Serangga dewasa meletakkan telur pada jaringan pelepah daun padi. Telur WBC berbentuk oval putih diletakkan secara berkelompok. Satu ekor betina WBC mampu meletakkan telur 100-500 butir. Telur WBC menetes setelah 7-10 hari menjadi nimfa dengan masa hidup 12-15 hari. Nimfa WBC berkembang menjadi dua bentuk wereng, yaitu makroptera (bersayap panjang) dan brakhiptera (bersayap kerdil).
Gejala Serangan
Hama Wereng Batang Coklat merusak tanaman dengan cara menghisap cairan tanaman dengan menusukkan stilet (alat mulut serangga ) ke dalam batang padi hingga menembus jaringan floem. Serangan tersebut menyebabkan kerusakan seperti terbakar (hopperburn) dan kematian pada tanaman padi. Gejala awal hopperburn muncul pada ujung daun yang menguning kemudian meluas ke seluruh bagian tanaman. Apabila populasi WBC tinggi, berpotensi menyebabkan fuso (gagal panen) pada tanaman padi.
Selain menyebabkan fuso,WBC secara tidak langsung menjadi vektor penyebaran virus kerdil rumput (Rice grassy stunt virus) dan kerdil hampa (Rice Ragged Stunt Virus ). Serangan virus kerdil hampa menyebabkan daun tanaman rusak, bergerigi, tanaman kerdil, pertumbuhan malai terhambat, daun bendera pendek dan tidak terjadi proses pengisian biji sehingga gabah hampa.
Beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan populasi Wereng Batang Coklat diantaranya penggunaan pupuk Nitrogen yang berlebihan terutama saat musim hujan, jarak tanam yang terlalu rapat, kurangnya musuh alami akibat penggunaan pestisida yang berlebihan.
Pengendalian
- Pengendalian Hayati
- Pengendalian hayati dengan memanfaatkan musuh alami WBC dari golongan predator (laba-laba, kumbang koksi, kumbang cekak biru dan kumbang unta), parasitoid (Ichneumonidae, Scelionidae dan Trichogrammatidae ).
- Pengendalian Secara Kultur Teknis
- Menanam padi secara serentak, menggunakan varietas tahan (Inpari 13, Inpari 31 dan Inpari 33).
- Melakukan pemupukan secara berimbang terutama pemupukan nitrogen. Pemupukan nitrogen yang berlebihan dan jarak tanam yang rapat terutama pada saat musim hujan dapat meningkatkan kelembaban udara di area pertanaman menyebabkan tanaman padi terlalu subur dan sukulen (berair). Tanaman padi yang sukulen tersebut dapat dengan mudah diserang WBC.
- Pola dan jarak tanam tidak terlalu rapat.
- Melakukan sanitasi lahan dengan cara membersihkan gulma pada lahan
- Menggunakan Perangkap Lampu (Light Traps)
Light Traps dipasang di persemaian. Alat ini dapat menangkap wereng dalam jumlah besar terutama wereng imigran.
2. WERENG HIJAU
Wereng Hijau (Nepotetix virescens), salah satu jenis hama penting padi sekaligus vektor virus tungro penyebab penyakit tungro. Hama ini juga dapat menimbulkan gejala fuso apabila populasinya tinggi di lapangan. Apabila tanaman padi terserang penyakit tungro, dapat menyebabkan jumlah anakan dan gabah bernas berkurang, sehingga dapat mempengaruhi produksi padi.
Karakteristik Morfologi dan Siklus Hidup
Wereng Hijau berbentuk bulat memanjang berwarna hijau dengan dua titik hitam dimasing-masing sayap. Siklus hidup wereng hijau berkisar antara 20-25 hari. Tahap perkembangan wereng hijau meliputi fase telur, nimfa dan serangga dewasa. Telur diletakkan secara berkelompok tersusun berjajar pada sisi pelepah daun padi. Berbeda dengan wereng batang coklat, telur wereng hijau berwarna bening kemudian menjadi putih kekuningan dan meruncing dikedua ujungnya. Telur menetas setelah 6-7 hari. Telur menetas menjadi nimfa. Nimfa wereng hijau berkumpul di pangkal helaian daun dan mengalami pergantian kulit pada 5 tingkatan instar. Fase nimfa berlangsung rata-rata 16 hari. Wereng Hijau dewasa menghisap cairan pada helaian daun padi.
Gejala Serangan
Sama halnya dengan WBC, wereng hijau menyerang tanaman padi pada fase pembibitan, pembentukan anakan dan pembentukan malai. Wereng hijau menyerang tanaman padi dengan cara yang sama dengan serangan WBC. Serangga dewasa menetap pada bagian pangkal batang padi, menyebabkan tanaman kerdil, daun berwarna kuning dan malai yang dihasilkan berkurang.
Wereng hijau sebagai vektor virus Rice Tungro Bacilliform Spherical Virus (RTBV) dan Rice Tungro Spherical Virus (RTSV) penyebab penyakit tungro. Gejala utama penyakit tungro yaitu perubahan warna daun menjadi kuning orange dari ujung daun. Daun muda menggulung, pertumbuhan tanaman kerdil dan jumlah anakan berkurang. Di lapangan, gejala tungro dapat mudah diamati karena tersebar secara berkelompok di area pertanaman padi.
Pengendalian
Wereng Hijau dan Penyakit Tungro dapat dikendalikan dengan menggunakan beberapa teknik pengendalian berikut ini :
- Pengendalian Hayati
- Pengendalian hayati dengan menggunakan patogen serangga Beauveria bassiana.
- Pengendalian Secara Kultur Teknis
- Menanam varietas padi yang tahan wereng hijau (Citarum, Serayu, Semeru, Asahan, Ciliwung, Begawan Solo, IR20. IR30. IR46, IR32, IR 38, 1R50, dll).
- Melakukan pemupukan secara berimbang terutama pemupukan nitrogen.
- Pola dan jarak tanam tidak terlalu rapat.
- Menanam padi secara serentak.
- Melakukan sanitasi lahan dengan cara membersihkan gulma pada lahan
3. WERENG PUNGGUNG PUTIH
Wereng Punggung Putih (Sogatella furcifera ), jenis hama wereng yang merusak tanaman padi dengan cara menghisap dan menggerek batang padi sehingga menyebabkan berkurangnya bulir padi, tanaman terlihat seperti terbakar dan tanaman padi mati.
Karakteristik Morfologi dan Siklus Hidup
Panjang wereng punggung putih sekitar 3 mm, berwarna coklat muda hitam serta sayap depan transparan dengan tanda coklat gelap diujungnya. Siklus hidup wereng punggung putih terdiri rata-rata selama 20-30 hari dengan fase telur, nimfa dan imago dewasa
Gejala Serangan
Wereng Punggung Putih menyerang tanaman padi pada fase keluar malai. Serangga ini ditemukan pada pangkal bagian atas tanaman, menghisap batang padi hingga ke jaringan floem menyebabkan hilangnya air dan unsur hara sehingga daun layu dan tanaman menjadi kerdil. Tanaman padi yang terserang hama wereng punggung putih menghasilkan jumlah anakan sedikit, bulir padi berwarna coklat dan produksi gabah berkurang.
Pengendalian
- Pengendalian Secara Kultur Teknis
- Menanam varietas padi tahan wereng (Ciherang, Sintanur, Bondoyudo, IR48, IR64 ).
- Melakukan pemupukan yang berimbang, mengurangi penggunaan pupuk K untuk mengurangi kerusakan.
- Pengaturan pola tanam, menanam secara serempak, serta pergiliran tanaman padi dengan tanaman palawija.
- Pengendalian Hayati
- Pengendalian hayati dilakukan dengan menggunakan Agens hayati Beauveria bassiana.
- Memanfaatkan musuh alami hama wereng punggung putih (Laba-laba Lycosa, lalat peri dari genus Anagrus yang dapat menyerang telur wereng).
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